Nama: Mahdi Muzakar
Kelas: 4EA07
Npm: 14211247
Tenses
In grammar, tense is
a category that
expresses time reference.[1][2] Tenses are
usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns.
Basic tenses found in many languages
include the past, present and future. Some languages have
only two distinct tenses, such as past and non-past, or future and non-future. There are also tenseless
languages, like Chinese, which do not have
tense at all. On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions,
such as remote vs. recent past, or near vs. remote future.
Tenses generally express time
relative to the moment
of speaking. In some contexts, however, their meaning may be
relativised to a point in the past or future which is established in the
discourse (the moment being spoken about). This is called relative (as opposed to absolute) tense.
Some languages have different verb forms or constructions which manifest
relative tense, such as pluperfect ("past-in-the-past")
and "future-in-the-past".
Being able to find the
right subject and verb will help you correct errors of subject-verb agreement.
subject
and verb agreement
Basic Rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a
singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a
plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on
the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
Rule 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of.
This is a key rule for understanding subjects. The word of is
the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance
to the room.
Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends .
. . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)
Rule 2. Two singular subjects connected by or,
either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence
agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the
road. For example, if I is one of two (or more) subjects, it
could lead to this odd sentence:
Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the
festival.
If possible, it's best to reword
such grammatically correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.
Rule 4. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more
subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my
means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking
and entering and bed and breakfast are compound
nouns.
Rule 5. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by
such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These
words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular
verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
NOTE
In recent years, the SAT testing
service has considered none to be strictly singular. However,
according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage:
"Clearly none has been both singular and plural since Old
English and still is. The notion that it is singular only is a myth of unknown
origin that appears to have arisen in the 19th century. If in context it seems
like a singular to you, use a singular verb; if it seems like a plural, use a
plural verb. Both are acceptable beyond serious criticism." When none is
clearly intended to mean "not one," it is followed by a singular
verb.
Rule 7. In sentences beginning with here or there, the
true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
Basic Rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a
singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a
plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on
the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
Rule 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of.
This is a key rule for understanding subjects. The word of is
the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance
to the room.
Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends .
. . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)
Rule 2. Two singular subjects connected by or,
either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence
agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the
road. For example, if I is one of two (or more) subjects, it
could lead to this odd sentence:
Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the
festival.
If possible, it's best to reword
such grammatically correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.
Rule 4. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more
subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my
means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking
and entering and bed and breakfast are compound
nouns.
Rule 5. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by
such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These
words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular
verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
NOTE
In recent years, the SAT testing
service has considered none to be strictly singular. However,
according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage:
"Clearly none has been both singular and plural since Old
English and still is. The notion that it is singular only is a myth of unknown
origin that appears to have arisen in the 19th century. If in context it seems
like a singular to you, use a singular verb; if it seems like a plural, use a
plural verb. Both are acceptable beyond serious criticism." When none is
clearly intended to mean "not one," it is followed by a singular
verb.
Rule 7. In sentences beginning with here or there, the
true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
Verb Phrase
"Verb P[hrase]s can be
identified by . . . substitution procedures. Consider the sentenceLou cried, where cried constitutes
the VP. Among many others, the following strings can substitute for cried in the slot Lou
_____. They thus fit the frame and are VPs (the verb in each VP
is italicized):
Lou fell.
Lou lost the race,
Lou won a prize for his efforts in the tourna
Lou lost the race,
Lou won a prize for his efforts in the tourna
